# CJC-1295 Legal — Citations, statutes, and the regulatory record

> The full citation list for CJC-1295 Legal: peer-reviewed papers (Jetté 2005, Teichman 2006, Alba 2006, Ionescu 2006, Sackmann-Sala 2009), FDA briefing documents, the 2025 WADA Prohibited List, and the underlying statutes.

Every regulatory and scientific claim on this site traces to one of the entries below. Sortable by jurisdiction, year, and source type.

## How to read this list

The reference list is presented as a searchable, sortable table — DataTables-enhanced — with columns for citation, author, year, source type (peer-reviewed paper / FDA document / statute / regulator publication / legal-industry analysis), jurisdictional frame (FDA / WADA / DEA / NCAA / DoD / state), and source URL. The numeric IDs in square brackets throughout the rest of the site correspond to the IDs in this list. Where the underlying source is paywalled or behind a registration wall, the citation links to the most authoritative open-access surface available (PubMed abstract, FDA docket page, statute text on the Cornell Legal Information Institute).

For regulatory and statutory citations specifically, the primary text governs — the legal-industry analyses included below are cited where they offer useful synthesis or context, but the underlying statute, regulation, or FDA briefing document is the controlling source. Readers verifying any specific claim should consult the primary source first.

## Citations

The full citation list appears in the reference table below. Twenty entries cover the foundational scientific literature on CJC-1295 (Jetté 2005, Teichman 2006, Alba 2006, Ionescu 2006, Sackmann-Sala 2009, Henninge 2010, Thomas 2024), the FDA's 2024 regulatory record (the September Federal Register notice removing five peptides from Category 2, and the December PCAC briefing document FDA-2024-N-4777), the 2025 WADA Prohibited List, the NCAA banned-substance class, the underlying U.S. Code provisions (21 U.S.C. § 333, the Controlled Substances Act, FDCA Section 801(a), and the DSHEA dietary-supplement definition), and the legal-industry analyses of the late-2024 FDA enforcement campaign and state pharmacy-board actions.

Where any citation is updated — for example, when WADA publishes a new annual Prohibited List, or when FDA issues a new Warning Letter campaign — the entry will be revised in place rather than appended. The version history of this site is editorial commentary on a moving regulatory record; the citations point to the most current authoritative source as of the publication date in the site footer.

## References

[1] Jetté L, Léger R, Thibaudeau K, Benquet C, Robitaille M, Pellerin I, Paradis V, van Wyk P, Pham K, Bridon DP. Human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF)1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor on the anterior pituitary in rats: identification of CJC-1295 as a long-lasting GRF analog. Endocrinology. 2005;146(7):3052-3058. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15817669/
[2] Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B, Gagnon C, Castaigne JP, Frohman LA. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;91(3):799-805. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16352683/
[3] Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B, Gagnon C, Castaigne JP, Frohman LA. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults — half-life characterization. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;91(3):799-805 (PK substudy). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16352683/
[4] Alba M, Fintini D, Sagazio A, Lawrence B, Castaigne JP, Frohman LA, Salvatori R. Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouse. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;291(6):E1290-E1294. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16822960/
[5] Ionescu M, Frohman LA. Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;91(12):4792-4797. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17018654/
[6] Sackmann-Sala L, Ding J, Frohman LA, Kopchick JJ. Activation of the GH/IGF-1 axis by CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog, results in serum protein profile changes in normal adult subjects. Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 2009;19(6):471-477. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19386527/
[7] ConjuChem Biotechnologies Inc. A study to evaluate CJC-1295 in HIV patients with visceral obesity. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00267527 (Phase 2 trial, terminated 2006). https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00267527
[8] Henninge J, Pepaj M, Hullstein I, Hemmersbach P. Identification of CJC-1295, a growth-hormone-releasing peptide, in an unknown pharmaceutical preparation. Drug Testing and Analysis. 2010;2(11-12):647-650. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21204297/
[9] Jetté L, Léger R, Thibaudeau K, et al. Mechanistic characterization of modified GRF(1-29): four amino acid substitutions (D-Ala²/Gln⁸/Ala¹⁵/Leu²⁷) extending half-life from ~7 minutes (native GHRH) to ~30 minutes. Endocrinology. 2005;146(7):3052-3058. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15817669/
[10] Thomas A, Walpurgis K, Tretzel L, Brinkkötter P, Fußhöller G, Görgens C, Geyer H, Thevis M. Chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of peptidic analytes (2-10 kDa) in doping control urine samples. Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 2024;59(2):e4996. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38197510/
[11] World Anti-Doping Agency. World Anti-Doping Code International Standard: The 2025 Prohibited List. Section S2.2.4 (Growth Hormone Releasing Factors). Published by WADA, effective January 1, 2025. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list
[12] U.S. Food and Drug Administration / Federal Register notice. FDA removes certain peptide bulk drug substances (AOD-9604, CJC-1295, ipamorelin acetate, thymosin alpha-1, Selank acetate) from Category 2 of the interim 503A bulks list, effective September 27, 2024; sets dates for PCAC review. https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=2e55b76a-3173-4e04-beda-bf021202f18d
[13] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. December 4, 2024 Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee, FDA Briefing Document on CJC-1295 (five chemically distinct forms: free base, acetate, DAC free base, DAC acetate, DAC trifluoroacetate). Docket FDA-2024-N-4777. https://www.fda.gov/media/183945/download
[14] National Collegiate Athletic Association. NCAA Banned Substances (class: Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors, Related Substances and Mimetics). NCAA.org. https://www.ncaa.org/sports/2015/6/10/ncaa-banned-substances.aspx
[15] Frier Levitt (healthcare regulatory law firm). Peptides Under the Microscope: Recent FDA and State Enforcement Trends. Frier Levitt Insights, 2024. https://www.frierlevitt.com/articles/injectable-peptides-fda-state-enforcement-compounding/
[16] 21 U.S. Code § 333 — Penalties (including subsection (e), 'human growth hormone' criminal-distribution statute). Cornell Legal Information Institute (statutory text). https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/333
[17] U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. The Controlled Substances Act (overview), 21 U.S.C. §§ 801 et seq. DEA Drug Information. https://www.dea.gov/drug-information/csa
[18] PeptideLaws.com. FDA Import Alerts Affecting Peptide Research Chemicals (analysis of Import Alerts 66-41 and 99-32 under FDCA Section 801(a) / 21 U.S.C. § 381(a)). https://peptidelaws.com/news/fda-import-alerts-affecting-peptide-research-chemicals
[19] PeptideLaws.com. How FDA Defines 'Drug' vs 'Research Chemical' for Peptides (analysis of DSHEA exclusion under 21 U.S.C. § 321(ff)(3)(B) and FDA's intended-use doctrine). https://peptidelaws.com/news/how-fda-defines-drug-vs-research-chemical-for-peptides
[20] Banned Substances Control Group (BSCG). CJC-1295 Use in Sports and Military Rules Explained (analysis of U.S. Department of Defense / Operation Supplement Safety prohibited substance lists and state pharmacy-board actions). https://www.bscg.org/blogs/single/cjc-1295-use-in-sports-and-military-rules-explained
[21] Renehan AG, Zwahlen M, Minder C, O'Dwyer ST, Shalet SM, Egger M. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Lancet. 2004;363(9418):1346-1353. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15110491/
[22] World Anti-Doping Agency. The Prohibited List — Section S2: Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors, Related Substances and Mimetics. WADA International Standard, effective January 1, 2025. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list
[23] Steiger A, Guldner J, Hemmeter U, et al. Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin on sleep EEG and nocturnal hormone secretion in normal men. Neuroendocrinology. 1992;56(4):566-573. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1361964/
[24] Growth hormone increases extracellular volume by stimulating sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11932310/
[25] Safety and efficacy of approved and unapproved peptide therapies for musculoskeletal conditions. Sports Medicine. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41966639/
[26] Effects of a growth hormone-releasing hormone analog on endogenous GH pulsatility and insulin sensitivity. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2011. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20943777/
[27] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (PCAC) meeting — briefing document on growth hormone secretagogues (CJC-1295). FDA Advisory Committee Briefing Materials. 2024. https://www.fda.gov/media/183819/download
[28] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. December 4, 2024 Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee, FDA Briefing Document on CJC-1295 (five chemically distinct forms). Docket FDA-2024-N-4777. https://www.fda.gov/media/183945/download
[29] Granata R, Leone S, Zhang X, Gesmundo I, et al. Growth hormone-releasing hormone and its analogues in health and disease. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2025;21(3):180-195. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39537825/
[30] Modified GRF (1-29) — chemical and pharmacological description. Wikipedia encyclopedic reference. 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_GRF_(1-29)

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An independent editorial reading of the regulatory record — not legal advice, not medical guidance, not a vendor.